The Struggle for Competence: Why Arab Armed Forces Fall Short

 

Arab military strategies are frequently undermined by authoritarian regimes that prioritize regime stability over operational independence, resulting in a lack of real combat preparedness and innovative military tactics.

The Arab world, despite its significant investments in military hardware and considerable resources, often faces criticism for the ineffectiveness of its armed forces. Historical encounters, particularly with Israel, have underscored this perceived military inadequacy. For example, during the 1991 Gulf War, even well-equipped Egyptian forces struggled against limited Iraqi resistance, prompting the United States to quickly sideline them. More recently, the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen, despite extensive American support, has turned into a protracted conflict with no clear resolution.

Despite the lack of effective military outcomes, Arab nations continue to invest heavily in their military apparatus. The combined military spending of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, along with Egypt and Jordan, amounts to over $120 billion annually. These countries maintain a formidable arsenal including 944,000 troops, 4,800 tanks, and 1,000 fighter aircraft. However, the allocation of these resources often leans towards high-profile, high-cost equipment like advanced fighter jets, which may not be well-suited to the asymmetric warfare these countries frequently encounter.

The acquisition strategies of these nations often prioritize political over military strategic value. This is evidenced by Qatar's procurement of F-15s, Rafales, and Typhoons, which seem more aimed at garnering favor with Western powers than at enhancing operational capability. This emphasis on air power has led to a neglect of other critical military branches, notably the navy. Despite their strategic maritime locations, Arab states have under-invested in their naval forces, which are mostly limited to coastal defense without the capabilities needed to protect broader maritime interests effectively.

A significant factor in the Arab military's underperformance is the authoritarian nature of the regimes. Military leadership often lacks the autonomy to make strategic decisions independently of the ruling elites, leading to a lack of initiative and innovation within the ranks. Training exercises tend to be highly controlled and do not simulate real combat situations effectively. Furthermore, the military in countries like Egypt is heavily involved in the civilian economy, which can divert focus from their primary defensive duties and dilute their combat readiness.

The lack of trust and cooperation among Arab states further exacerbates their military ineffectiveness. Initiatives to create unified military structures, like the proposed GCC military command, have faltered due to fears of dominance by larger states and a lack of mutual confidence. This disunity hampers their ability to operate collectively in regional conflicts, diminishing their overall strategic impact.

The strategic dependence on the United States is a double-edged sword for Arab militaries. While it provides them with advanced military technology and operational support, it also inhibits the development of autonomous defense capabilities. The pursuit of American security guarantees often takes precedence over developing a robust, independent military strategy.

However, not all is bleak. The UAE and Jordan have demonstrated higher levels of military professionalism, particularly in their special forces and air operations. The successful Emirati operation in Aden and Jordan's precision airdrops over Gaza are testaments to what focused and well-trained units can achieve. Additionally, the recent coordination in air defense against Iranian threats shows a potential for greater regional military integration.

As the Gulf states prepare for the impending global energy transition, there is a significant and observable shift in their military investment strategies. These nations are increasingly focusing on cutting-edge technologies, including the integration of artificial intelligence into their defense systems. This strategic pivot is aimed not just at enhancing the operational capabilities of their armed forces but also at securing economic benefits through the adoption of advanced technologies. By investing in such innovations, the Gulf states hope to leverage military modernization to drive technological growth within their broader economies, potentially leading to a more robust and tech-driven economic structure.

However, the success of these modernization efforts and the broader aspirations of these states to achieve a notable stance on the international stage hinge on addressing some foundational challenges. Deep-seated issues of governance, the persistent lack of trust between neighboring states, and the need for a coherent and unified strategic vision are critical barriers that need to be overcome. Comprehensive reforms in political and military structures, along with fostering greater regional cooperation, are essential. Such changes are imperative not only for improving the effectiveness of their military forces but also for enhancing their overall security and international standing. By tackling these internal challenges, the Gulf states can hope to transcend their historical military limitations and achieve a significant position in global affairs.